Here you find an overview of all automated audiometry approaches included in the scoping review published in JMIR. When multiple reports described the same underlying approach, these reports were pooled in one approach-cluster.
Automated Audiometry




We would like to further expand this overview as a living document. If you find an approach not yet included please reach out to us.
Below you find an overview of all automated audiometry approaches included in the scoping review published in JMIR. When multiple reports described the same underlying approach, these reports were pooled in one approach-cluster. The name of the approach, citations to the initial report and/or common authorships were used to cluster the reports.
Inclusion criteria were:
- Validated approaches of pure-tone threshold audiometry
- published in the period from juli 2012 to juli 2021 in a peer-reviewed journal
We would like to further expand this overview as a living document. If you find an approach not yet included please fill out this form so that we can add it. Also if you find new report that could be added to an existing approach please let us know. You can send your suggestions to resources@computationalaudiology.com
Automated audiometry graded approaches
Table of Contents
Click on an approach in the table to directly jump to that approach.
Graded Approaches
OtoKiosk
Otokiosk is an iOS-based system developed for clinical hearing assessment Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | reduced |
Intensities | not reported |
Masking | not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | single response |
Test paradigm | self-test |
Presentation of results | conventional |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction, Peltor H7A earmuffs with RadioEar DD45 transducer |
Calibration | conventional |
Hardware | tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB |
Test-retest | not reported |
Deals with | noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 26 subjects included, 47-76 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / adults |
Efficiency | not reported |
SHSA
smartphone-based hearing self-assessment system using hearing aids with fast audiometry method (SHSA) Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical |
Intensities | clinical |
Masking | no |
Seeking approach | other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | single response |
Test paradigm | self-test |
Presentation of results | conventional |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction (hearing aids) |
Calibration | conventional |
Hardware | smartphone |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 6 dB |
Test-retest | not reported |
Deals with | noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 20 subjects included, 34-73 years |
Test Population | hearing loss / adults |
Efficiency | Testing time mean testing time 0.7-1.3 minutes for automated unilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired mean testing time 1.5-3 minutes for manual unilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired |
Colsman et al
a calibrated app for pure-tone screening audiometry by self-assessment on a tablet Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Sennheiser HDA 280) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/ tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 68 subjects included, age range 19-65 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported median testing time 12 minutes, range 10-20 minutes, for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing. |
Corry et al
Introduction: app-based audiometer using commercial earphones Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (commercial earbuds) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 20 subjects included, 21-26 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 4 minutes for bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing (4.5 minutes manually). |
Earbone
Introduction: an automated smartphone app that determines bone-conduction pure-tone thresholds Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Radioear B71 bone oscillator) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 80 subjects included, 24-82 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Eartrumpet
Eartrumpet is an iOS-based automated hearing testing application Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Bose QuietComfort 15 Acoustic noise cancelling headphones and consumer earbuds) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 42 subjects included, 20-85 years(Foulad et al. 2013), 35 subjects included, 19-85 years(Kelly et al. 2018), 33 subjects included, 18-65 years(Saliba et al. 2017) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 5 minutes for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired(Saliba et al. 2017). |
Oto-ID
Introduction: A portable audiometer for ototoxicity monitoring Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (HDA200) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 9 subjects included, 8-24 years(Jacobs et al. 2012), 40 subjects included, 8-74 years(Dille et al. 2013) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Kids Hearing Game
Introduction Kids Hearing Game (KHG) determines an audiogram using a game format. Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Ausdom F01 wired over-ear headphone) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 18 subjects included, 6-11 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing/ hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Liu et al
Introduction: software-based hearing self-testing system Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (ER-3A) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 50 subjects included, age range not reported |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Agilis Health
Introduction: a tablet-based Agilis Health Mobile Audiogram as an effective and valid measure of hearing thresholds in an adult and paediatric population. http://www.agilishealth.com/ Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Etymotic HF5 earphones) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 27 subjects included, 12+ years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 10 minutes, range 8–14 minutes, for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired |
AMTAS
AMTAS is commercialized by audiology incorporated and sold by Grason Stadlor (GSI). More info can be found on: http://audiologyincorporated.com/about Selected reports: Additional reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Earphone TDH200 and Radioear B71) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 30 subjects included, age range not reported(Margolis et al. 2010), 96 subjects, 4-8 years and adults(Margolis et al. 2011), 120 subjects included, 21-65 years(Margolis et al. 2007), 13 subjects included, 21-65 years(Margolis and Moore 2011) reasonable standard / proof of concept 44 subjects included, 21-88 years(Eikelboom et al. 2013) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 7 minutes, range 6–8 minutes, for automated bilateral air and bone conduction audiogram in normal hearing(Margolis et al. 2010) mean testing time 11 minutes, range 6–21 minutes, for automated bilateral air and bone conduction audiogram in hearing impaired(Margolis et al. 2010) mean testing time 16 minutes, range 10–31 minutes, for automated bilateral air and bone conduction audiogram in hearing impaired(Eikelboom et al. 2013) |
Home hearing test
Home hearing test is an AMTAS based test procedure that subjects can carry out at home. The home hearing test supports only air conduction. Distributed by Etymotic Research Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation /automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Earphones modified Etymotic Research mc5) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 126 subjects included, 44-88 years(Margolis et al. 2018), 112 subject included, 60+ years(Mosley et al. 2019) reasonable standard / proof of concept 28 subjects included, 44-88 years(Margolis et al. 2016) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 10 minutes, for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in hearing impaired(Mosley et al. 2019) |
Masalski et al
A smartphone-based automated hearing test biologically calibrated. Calibration of mobile devices conducted by means of a biological method involves determining reference sound level in relation to the hearing threshold of normal-hearing persons Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (type not reported) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone / tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 51 subjects included, 11-60 years(Masalski and Kręcicki 2013), 70 subjects included, 18-71 years(Masalski et al. 2018), number of subjects and age range not reported(Masalski et al. 2016) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
WHATS
Whats (Wireless automated hearing test system) is a wireless audiometer developed by Creare LLC. Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (headphone) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 20 subjects included, 18+ years(Meinke et al. 2017); 101 subjects included, 6-9 years(Magro et al. 2020) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 20 minutes, for subsequent automated and manual bilateral air audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired children(Magro et al. 2020) |
HearTest application
The HearTest application runs on an iPhone (8/10/XR) combined with Sennheiser CX300 earphones Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Sennheiser CX300 earphone) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 14 subjects included, 20-30 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Poling et al
a comparison of a clinical modified Hughson-Westlake (manual) method with an automated, modified (single frequency) Békésy tracking method Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction / bone conduction (not reported) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 10 subjects included, 19- 47 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 17 minutes for automated unilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired (11-13 minutes manually) |
Schlittenlacher et al
Two methods, a counting method and yes/no task, for estimating audiograms quickly and accurately using Bayesian active learning Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (HDA200) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 20 subjects included, 21-77 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 4 minutes for automated unilateral air audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired. RMSD fell below 5 dB after 18 trials for the Counting method and this criterion was after 28 trials for the Yes/No method. |
Schmidt et al
a user-operated audiometry method based on the maximum likelihood principle Selected reports: Additional reports: Sidiras C, Sanchez-Lopez R, Pedersen ER, Sørensen CB, Nielsen J and Schmidt JH (2021) User-Operated Audiometry Project (UAud) – Introducing an Automated User-Operated System for Audiometric Testing Into Everyday Clinic Practice. Front. Digit. Health 3:724748. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.724748 | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (HAD 200) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 41 subjects included, 11-69 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 2 minutes per frequency for automated air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired. Participants needed on average 36 trials to complete a frequency. |
MLAG
Machine Learning audiometry (MLAG) is currently available as a research tool used on a small scale in clinics. MLAG is commercialized by Bonauria. Selected reports: Additional reports: none | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced /not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (HDA200, TDH-39) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 21 subjects included, 18-90 years(Song et al. 2015), 21 subject included, 19-79 years(Barbour et al. 2019), 29 subjects included, 29-83 years(Heisey et al. 2020) Reasonable standard /proof of concept 34 subjects included, age range not reported(Heisey et al. 2018) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported RMSD fell below 5 dB after a median of 67 trials using an automated Hughson-Westlake algorithm for unilateral air audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired. The MLAG algorithm 49 trials for the same accuracy(Barbour et al. 2019). Mean testing time 2.1-4.8 minutes for bilateral air audiogram in normal hearing. RMSD fell below 5 dB after 19-44 trials. Mean testing time 5-7 minutes, for bilateral air audiogram in hearing impaired. RMSD fell below 5 dB after 50-63 trials(Heisey et al. 2020). |
Sun et al
Introduction An automated hearing test equipment based on active noise control technology Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced /not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (type not reported) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 95 subjects included, 20-68 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
KUDUwave
Kuduwave is commercialized by emoyo. For more info see https://emoyo.net/kuduwave/ Selected reports: Additional reports: Swanepoel et al., 2010, | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced /not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (insert earphone, B-71 bone oscillator) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 38 subjects included, 18-31 years(Swanepoel et al. 2010), 30 subjects included, 19-77 years(Swanepoel and Biagio 2011), 20 subjects included, 19-63 years(Visagie et al. 2015); 50 subjects included, 6-13 years(Govender and Mars 2018), 31 subjects included, 15-80 years(Storey et al. 2014) reasonable standard / proof of concept 147 subjects included, 65-94 years(Maclennan-Smith et al. 2013), 23 subjects included, 20-75 years(Swanepoel de et al. 2015), 42 subjects included, 19-92 years(Brennan-Jones et al. 2016) |
Test Population | Normal hearing/ hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 7-8 minutes, range 4-13 minutes, both for automated and manual bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing(Swanepoel et al. 2010) |
Heartest
Heartest has CE certification. Started as a hearing screening tool (validated hearScreen application), subsequently further developed for diagnostic purposes. Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation/ automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (circumaural headphones Sennheiser HD 202 II /300and insert earphones) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 162 subjects included, 5-8 years(Swanepoel et al. 2014), 64 subjects included, 18-88 years(Sandström et al. 2016), 95 subjects included, 24-92 years(van Tonder et al. 2017), 61 subjects included, 16-64 years(Bornman et al. 2019), 340 subjects included, 5-92 years(Corona et al. 2020), 232 subjects included, age range not reported(Rodrigues et al. 2020); reasonable standard / proof of concept 30 subjects included, 18-88 years (Sandström et al. 2016), 200 subjects included, 18-55 years(Brittz et al. 2019), 63 subjects included, 20-88 years(Sandström et al. 2020) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment /ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 7 minutes for automated and manual bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired(van Tonder et al. 2017). Mean testing time 4.5 minutes, range 2 – 14 minutes for automated bilateral partial (PTA) air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired(Brittz et al. 2019) Mean testing time 5 minutes for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired in a sound booth, and 6 minutes outside a sound booth(Sandström et al. 2016) |
Uhear
Introduction: Developed by Unitron (https://www.unitron.com/content/unitron/za/en/professional/practice-support/uhear.html) Selected reports: Additional reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Creative EP 630 earbuds) |
Calibration | conventional /unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 32 subjects included, 20-82 years(Handzel et al. 2013), 68 subjects included, 8-10 years(Khoza-Shangase and Kassner 2013), 100 subjects included, 18+ years(Szudek et al. 2012) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss/ children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported mean testing time 5 minutes for bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired(Szudek et al. 2012) |
Van Tassel & Folkeard
Introduction: tablet-based self-measurement of auditory thresholds Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (ER-3A) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone / tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 55 subjects included, 22-86 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
NEWT
A new automated method termed as ‘New Early Warning Test (NEWT)’ has been designed to provide automatic auditory threshold monitoring in individuals exposed to high noise levels. The NEWT method is incorporated inside an active communication earplug called Quietpro®, which has high attenuation characteristics for background noise. Selected reports: (Vinay et al. 2014, 2015) | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Quietpro HDP unit) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 22 subjects included, 25-37 years(Vinay et al. 2015), 16 subjects included, 24-62 years(Vinay et al. 2014) |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 1.5 minutes, for automated unilateral partial audiogram (1, 3, 4 and 6 kHz) air conduction audiogram in normal hearing (3 minutes manually)(Vinay et al. 2014). |
Whitton et al
a self-administered audiometric software application that can be used at home Selected reports: | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (Bose AE2i consumer-grade circumaural) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/ tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard / reasonable standard / proof of concept 19 subjects included, 25-82 years |
Test Population | Normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported |
Shoebox
Introduction: SHOEBOX developed an iPad audiometer. For more information: https://www.shoebox.md/ Selected reports: Yeung et al., 2013(Bastianelli et al. 2019; Saliba et al. 2017; Thompson et al. 2015; Vijayasingam et al. 2020; Yalamanchali et al. 2020; Yeung et al. 2013, 2015) | |
Threshold Seeking Method and Range | |
Frequencies | clinical / high-resolution /reduced / extended range /not reported |
Intensities | clinical / extended / reduced / not reported |
Masking | automated /manual / other / no / not reported |
Seeking approach | (modified) Hughson-Westlake / MLAG / Bekesy tracking / other |
Response Method and Presentation of Results | |
Response method | forced choice / single response / not reported |
Test paradigm | self-test / facilitated by operator |
Presentation of results | conventional / high-resolution representation / automated classification / not reported |
Test Equipment | |
Transducers | air conduction/ bone conduction (TDH-50, ER-3A inserts and speakers) |
Calibration | conventional / unconventional / no / not reported |
Hardware | portable audiometer / computer-based / web-based / smartphone/ tablet |
Test Quality Control | |
Comparison automated versus manual | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Test-retest | RMSD < 10 dB / < 6 dB / statistical equivalence / statistically not equivalent / not reported |
Deals with | false-responses / noise control |
Validation Approach, Test Population, and Context | |
Validation | gold standard 70 subjects included, 3-13 years(Yeung et al. 2013), 33 subjects included, 18-65 years(Saliba et al. 2017), 40 subjects included, 19-87 years(Bastianelli et al. 2019), 49 subjects included, 4-88 years(Thompson et al. 2015), 70 subjects included, 5-52 years(Yalamanchali et al. 2020); 126 subjects included, 24-42 years(Vijayasingam et al. 2020) reasonable standard / proof of concept 79 subjects included, 5-17 years(Yeung et al. 2015) |
Test Population | normal hearing / hearing loss / children / adults / elderly / veterans / low-resource environment / ototoxic- / self- / noise- monitoring / infectious disease |
Efficiency | Testing time / number of stimuli / not reported Mean testing time 2 minutes for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in normal hearing children. Mean testing time 5 minutes for automated bilateral air conduction audiogram in hearing impaired children(Yeung et al. 2013) mean testing time 10-15 minutes for automated bilateral air conduction (including extended frequencies) audiogram in normal hearing and hearing impaired adults(Vijayasingam et al. 2020). |
References
Version 23 januari 2022
References missing from Swanepoel, Vinay and Shoebox